Whether you have already moved to the United States or are planning to, there are tax implications for Australian expats to consider. 

For example, how does the Australia-US tax treaty apply to capital gains on the realization of assets, and what will your Australian and US tax obligations be? 

These are just a few questions this article will answer for you.

What Is Capital Gains Tax?

To begin, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of capital gains tax concerning Australian expats. 

Capital Gains Tax or CGT is a tax on the profit made from selling an item classified as an asset. In Australia, as in the United States, CGT is complex and different from other taxes. Let us review both Australian and US CGT and then bring them together.

Australian CGT Tax

In Australia, CGT applies to any asset acquired after 20 September 1985. 

Selling an asset for more than it costs means you have a capital gain and must pay CGT. If an asset is sold for less than it cost, this results in a capital loss that can offset against current or future capital gains.

Generally, if an Australian tax resident makes a capital gain and the asset sold was held for at least 12 months, the 50% capital gain tax discount will apply. This results in half the capital gain being included in assessable income and being assessed at marginal rates of tax – which may vary between financial years. See the ATO website for the current individual tax rates. 

There are potential exemptions from the capital gains tax regime, including the main residence exemption.

A person’s main residence, which was moved into as soon as practicable after purchase and continues to be a person’s main residence for the entire ownership period, and on sale, if still a tax resident of Australia, will be exempt from CGT.

In relation to the main residence exemption, new laws passed in 2019, which came into effect 1 July 2020 now mean a total loss of this exemption if the property is sold while the taxpayer is a non-resident of Australia. There are some exceptions known as life events but careful planning is required to ensure the preservation of this exemption.

US CGT Tax

Under US law, the tax rate applied to capital gains depends on the asset’s holding period.

For assets held more than a year, you pay long-term capital gains tax, usually lower than the tax on ordinary income.

For assets held for less than a year, short-term capital gains tax rates apply, equal to your normal income tax rate.

Your income also determines the percentage of CGT you pay in the United States.

Your US CGT rate will depend on your taxable income. It is best to check the IRS website for the most current income thresholds for which CGT rate applies. 

There are also special circumstances under which your capital gains might be taxed at a higher rate. For example, net capital gains from selling collectibles (such as coins or art) are taxed at a maximum 28% rate.

Australia-US Tax Treaty And Its Impact On Capital Gains Tax

For Australian expats in the US, the Australia-US Tax Treaty is particularly important to understand. First signed into law in 1982, the treaty has been updated several times since then to address changes in areas such as superannuation and non-US investments.  

The Australia-US Tax Treaty determines where your tax obligations lie between the two countries. The overarching goal of the treaty is “avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income.” 

As we explain in this article, the Australia-US Tax Treaty, allows the tax paid in one jurisdiction to be claimed as a tax credit in the other jurisdiction, in the event that the income is assessable in both.  

For example, if the US sourced income is first taxed in the US and the income is then assessed in Australia, the tax first paid in the US will be taken up as a foreign tax credit against the tax assessed on the income. If the foreign tax credit covers the Australian tax, then any excess foreign tax credits are lost. If there is a shortfall after the foreign tax credit is applied to the assessed Australian tax, then extra tax will be required to be paid.

Tax Obligations When Selling A Former Main Residence In Australia

Let us look at an example to demonstrate how the Australia-US Tax Treaty affects Australian expats when selling their former main residence. 

An Australian couple moves to the US and lives there for eight years. They have decided to sell their former main home in Australia (purchased in 2015 for AUD1,000,000 and now worth AUD3,000,000).

Australian Tax Considerations

This couple would be classified as foreign residents and would not qualify for the CGT main residence exemption. As such, they will pay Australian CGT tax on the AUD2,000,000 (AUD3,000,000-AUD1,000,000) capital gain. 

However, if this Australian couple moves back to Australia and are considered residents for tax purposes and they reestablish the home as their main residence, depending on the length of their absence from Australia and whether they rented the property out or left it vacant, will determine whether a full or partial main residence exemption exists.

This example makes it clear that planning the timing of the sale of your former primary residence can and will have material tax implications. With that in mind, it is critical to get professional tax advice to optimize any potential or upcoming CGT liabilities.

It is important to note Australia also offers certain life event exemptions if they occurred during the time this family lived abroad, which could make them eligible for the CGT main residence exemption. 

The life events this includes are:

• You, your spouse, or your child under 18 had a terminal medical condition
• Your spouse or your child under 18 died
• The CGT event happened because of a formal agreement following the breakdown of your marriage or relationship

USA Tax Considerations

Any income earned, including employment income and realized capital gains, is subject to US tax. Australians who have become US tax residents, including green card holders and those in the US for over 183 days in the last two years, are taxed on worldwide income. This would include the AUD2,000,000 capital gain.

However, the U.S. allows a foreign tax credit for U.S. residents on US taxes owed against any tax already paid to Australia or vice versa. 

The Australia-US Tax Treaty requires that the combined taxes paid in both countries cannot exceed the total tax that would otherwise have been payable in the country where the sale occurs.

Australia And USA Combined Tax Considerations

If the Australian couple decided to sell their former main residence in Australia while being a non-resident for tax purposes, they will need to declare this income on both the Australian and US income tax return. 

As the property is situated in Australia, the first taxing rights reside with Australia. Tax will be applied at non-resident marginal rates on their AUD2,000,000 capital gain.  

For the US CGT, the tax on their AUD2,000,000 capital gain would be calculated depending on their combined income and the CGT rate applicable. 

Thankfully, this couple would not have to pay both the full amount of tax in Australia and the US, as the tax treaty allows taxpayers in each jurisdiction to avoid double taxation. In this case as Australia has the first taxing rights, the US would give the couple a tax credit for the tax paid in Australia and the excess tax paid will be carried forward.

CGT On Selling Shares Originally Purchased In Australia

Let us assume an Australian citizen moves to the US for a period of five years. During this time, they decided to sell the shares purchased while they resided in Australia.

The first aspect to consider is what their choice was when then became a non-resident of Australia. If an Australian tax resident moves to the US and becomes a non-resident and they hold a share portfolio, the choices on cessation of residency with respect to the share portfolio is either to take a deemed disposal or ignore the deemed disposal and treat the shares as Taxable Australian Property. 

A deemed disposal involves comparing the purchase price of the shares to the market value of the shares on the date that residency ceased. Importantly, there is no cash received with respect to this type of CGT happening and so if there is a large accumulated capital gain, then there will be a tax bill that requires payment from other funds. 

If the latter option is chosen (ie. they choose to treat the shares as Taxable Australian Property), any future sale of these shares are connected with Australia and a capital gain or capital loss requires calculation and reporting in the Australian income tax return, even as a non-resident.

Fortunately, the treaty provides a paragraph where future sales of this portfolio can be subject to tax solely in the US. If a choice is made to have future sales subject to tax solely in the US, then the deemed disposal on cessation of residency is ignored.

CGT On Inheritance In Australia

If an Australian citizen has lived in the US for 15 years and inherits an investment property and shares, what are the tax implications in both Australia and the US?

Inheriting Property

The original property was purchased for AUD500,000 and has a current market value of AUD2,500,000. If the property was sold on when inherited, there will be a capital gain of AUD2,000,000 (AUD2,500,000-AUD500,000). As Australia has the first taxing rights, tax will be applied at non-resident rates.

If they had no other Australian sourced income for the year in which the property was sold, tax on the capital gain of AUD2,000,000 would be AUD875,350.

The USA CGT tax on their AUD2,000,000 capital gain would be calculated depending on their combined income and the CGT rate applicable.

The Australian citizen would not have to pay both the AUD875,350 Australian CGT and US CGT as the treaty allows taxpayers in each jurisdiction to avoid double taxation. In this case, the US would give the person a tax credit totaling AUD875,350.

Inheriting Shares

If they inherit shares, they can choose to have any future sales solely taxed in the US under the Australia-US Treaty.

Get Help Navigating CGT For Australian Expats

There are many intricacies and challenges to navigating tax laws between countries. The information in this article may not cover some variables relevant to your circumstances and as such it is recommended you seek tax advice for your specific situation.

Retirement savings, especially when managing finances across international borders, can be complex. If you live in Australia, but hold plans in the USA, you need to understand the tax implications of having 401(k) and IRA plans. 

USA Tax Implications Of A 401(k) Or IRA Plan

401(k) and IRA plans are tax-advantaged retirement accounts that are available to US taxpayers. Contributions made to these accounts are typically tax-deductible, and earnings within the account grow tax-deferred until withdrawal. However, withdrawals from these accounts are usually subject to taxation in the USA. You should obtain tax advice from a qualified US tax advisor before accessing any benefits.

Australian Tax Implications Of A 401(k) Or IRA Plan

Australian tax residents (who are not temporary residents) are subject to tax on their worldwide income.

US retirement accounts like 401(k) and IRA plans are usually treated as foreign trusts by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO).

Therefore distributions from these vehicles will usually be taxable in Australia, except for amounts that can be said to represent contributions. This means that any taxable withdrawals from these accounts are treated as assessable income and taxed at the individual’s marginal tax rate. As foreign income, you would also be able to claim a Foreign Income Tax Offset (FITO) to reduce double taxation.

Roth 401(k) and Roth IRA plans are comprised of contributions made with after-tax dollars. This means that for Australian tax residents, withdrawals from these plans are generally tax-free.

Managing Funds While Living In Australia

For individuals residing in Australia who wish to access their US retirement funds, there are several options to consider:

1. Funds in the USA: Australian tax residents can choose to leave their 401(k) or IRA funds in the USA subject to complying with relevant US requirements. 
2. Withdrawal: Depending on the circumstances, individuals may opt to withdraw funds from their US retirement accounts. Careful consideration should be given to the tax implications of such actions, as they may trigger tax liabilities in both countries.

Our tax advisors and accountants are able to work with our clients, and their financial planners and wealth managers to clarify the taxation consequences, which would usually be an important element of the decisions that may be ultimately made.

Planning

Understanding the tax implications of 401(k) and IRA plans for Australian tax residents living in the USA is essential for effective retirement planning. While these accounts offer valuable tax benefits in the USA, they also come with potential tax liabilities in Australia. 

By navigating the complexities of dual tax systems and seeking professional advice, individuals can make informed decisions to optimise their retirement savings – while ensuring compliance with both US and Australian tax laws.

Given the complexities involved, seeking advice from tax professionals with expertise in both US and Australian tax law is highly recommended.

As specialists in International Tax, we can provide tailored guidance based on your individual circumstances. This can help you with your planning for accessing retirement funding in a way that helps you to minimise your tax obligations.

Our principal, Matthew Marcarian, was recently published in Australia’s leading tax journal, Taxation in Australia (run by the Tax Institute), with his article titled “Australian Expatriates: Casualties of Law“.

In his article Matthew looks at how over the last 20 years, Australia’s international tax settings have changed in a way which has increased the tax burden on Australian expatriates. Too often they become “casualties of law”, their interests overlooked by poorly conceived, and sometimes politicised, tax policy and design.

The article examines these changes and analyses major tax issues facing Australian expatriates at different stages of their expatriate journey. The article demonstrates how Australian expatriates can face higher taxes and significantly more complexity than fellow Australians.

The tax issues examined include the ongoing legislative uncertainty relating to individual and corporate tax residency, the removal of both the 50% CGT discount and the main residence CGT exemption for non-residents, the forex rules, the treatment of foreign structures, and overseas retirements plans.

The article also notes that an opportunity exists for the new Albanese government to address many issues to make them less burdensome and fairer for the Australian “diaspora”.

Read the article now.

For Australians interested in travel, one of the appeals of working on a super yacht or cruise ship could be the idea that their income becomes tax-free once they leave Australia.

Unfortunately Australian citizens, and potentially permanent residents, may find themselves still obligated to pay Australian taxes.

The situation has become even more complicated this year, with travel restrictions bringing people to shores they weren’t intending to live on.

The following gives a basic overview of Australian tax residency, with particular regard to individuals working on super yachts or cruise ships. However, since every situation is unique, this information is of a general nature only. You should speak to a qualified tax professional to determine your own situation. 

Australian Tax Residents

In simple terms this means that Australian citizens, or long-term residents, who start working on a super-yacht and cruising around the world, will usually be treated as an Australian tax resident. 

We note that the Australian government has indicated that it will introduce new residency rules, which among other things will do away with the permanent place of abode test and will introduce a 45 day rule for Australian citizens instead. However, despite being announced these changes are yet to be legislated (as of the date of this blog post) and therefore the question of whether a person has an overseas permanent place of abode continues to be relevant. 

Non-Resident for Tax Purposes

Non-residents are only required to pay Australian taxes on income earned from Australian sources. This means that non-residents who are working on superyachts will not be subject to Australian taxes.

While the default may be to assume that anyone who isn’t an Australian citizen is automatically a non-resident once they start working on a ship that cruises around the world, this isn’t necessarily the case either. If their permanent abode is still in Australia, and they continue to hold Australian residency, then they may continue to be an Australian resident for tax purposes as well. 

Living in Australia due to COVID-19

One of the factors further complicating issues is the travel restrictions due to the coronavirus pandemic.

Australian citizens have returned to Australia, despite permanently residing in other countries. Australian residents who were travelling have found themselves stuck in other countries. Non-residents who were not planning to stay in Australia have been stuck living on Australian shores. Individuals who have been travelling around in cruise ships may find themselves particularly susceptible to these issues. 

The Australian government has indicated that anyone living in Australia solely because of coronavirus, will continue to hold their previous residency, as long as they plan to, and actually, return to their place of residency as soon as practical once travel restrictions have been lifted. However, this is not a concession in law and a lengthy stay in Australia could trigger Australian residency, for example if there is an intention to reside here, regardless of the reason for that intention.

Place of “abode”

Living on a cruise ship or superyacht is usually not considered to be sufficient to establish a permanent home. The situation could be different if you have legal rights to reside in a particular country and you do so on a cruise ship. 

This means that Australians who simply start working on such ships will typically continue to be Australian residents, no matter how long they stay on such ships or how long they are employed overseas in these roles.

If an Australian has moved overseas and clearly established and used their permanent place of abode in another country before, or perhaps during, their time employed on cruise ships or super yachts, then their situation may be different. 

Example of an Australian citizen with ties to various countries, who is working on a Superyacht 

To understand how the situation can get a little tricky, consider this example of an Australian citizen.

Scott is an Australian citizen who moved to Singapore in 2000 and became a non-resident for Australian tax purposes by virtue of living in Singapore on a permanent basis. In 2005 he started working on international yachts and was paid in USD. After commencing this job he has rarely been back to Singapore.

Since his yacht licence was not recognised in Australia, Scott had no intention of returning to Australia to work. He still kept an Australian bank account with a reasonable amount of money that he could use during holidays in Australia to visit with family every year or so. He also holds bank accounts in various other countries and visits various other countries in between working as well. 

In 2019 Scott was granted permanent residency in France, however work commitments meant that he had not actually spent much time in France.  

Scott became, and continues to be involved in a romantic relationship with a Samoan national who also works on the superyachts. She is not an Australian citizen and has never lived in Australia. She has only visited Australia once with Scott and likewise, he has only visited her home in Samoa on one occasion. The couple began to spend most of their free time together in Malaysia and Indonesia. They have not purchased or contracted a home in either location and appear to treat their visits to Malaysia and Indonesia as holidays. 

In this situation Scott ceased residency back in 2000 when he moved to Singapore. However, at some point, since starting to work on the yachts, he appears to have severed ties with Singapore. He no longer appears to consider that his home, he has no assets there, does not return there in between work trips, and ultimately applied for residency in France.

Although he has been given residency in France, Scott has not purchased a home there, and does not regularly spend time there. Scott and his partner choose to spend most of their non-work time in Malaysia and Indonesia, however they show no indication that these places provide a permanent place of abode either, preferring to treat their trips as vacations in between working at sea.

Where is Scott a tax resident?

Luke is an Australian citizen who moved to the UK in 2000 with his wife, who is also an Australian citizen. Luke and his wife purchased a home in the UK and started a family there. In 2017 Luke was employed on a cruise ship. In between work shifts Luke always returns to the UK to be with his family. 

Luke and his wife visit their families back in Australia most years. They usually travel together, with their children, for these visits, except where the visit is based on an opportunity that has arisen due to the cruise ship docking on Australian shores.

Luke has a bank account, investments, and social ties in the UK. He maintains an Australian bank account, which he and his family use on their visits to Australia. 

In March 2020 Luke’s ship docked on Australian shores, and the Australian government advised Australians to return to Australia for the duration of the pandemic. Due to the pandemic and the Australian government’s travel announcements, Luke’s wife and children decided to fly over to join Luke in Australia. The family planned to return to the UK once travel restrictions were lifted. However they decided to remain in Australia while the pandemic worsened in the UK and things were still up in the air with Luke’s employment.

At this point in time Luke is not an Australian resident. He has established a permanent home in the UK with his family. They are staying in Australia with other family members or may be in temporary accommodation, not having established a home of their own here. They currently plan to return to the UK when it becomes practical to do so.

However, if Luke and his family decide to make Australia a permanent home their situation would change. This could happen if they decided to rent out a house for themselves, instead of continuing to stay with family, if they enrolled their children in Australian schools, and if they resigned from their employment to take up permanent positions in an Australian job. They could also face a deemed change of residency for the duration of their stay in Australia if the family continues to live in Australia after Luke returns to work on the yachts and he starts coming back to Australia instead of their home in the UK. 

Australian Residency While Working on a Super-Yacht or Cruise Ship

In general an Australian resident continues to be an Australian resident after taking up employment on a superyacht. This is because the ATO considers that their residence on the yacht is of a transitory nature. 

An Australian citizen who was living overseas may also become an Australian resident for tax purposes again, if they commence working on a superyacht and do not maintain ties with an alternative permanent place of residence. On the other hand, an Australian citizen who has clearly established themselves as a non-resident by setting up a permanent home overseas, will not automatically resume Australian tax residency if required to stay in Australia due to the coronavirus pandemic. 

Since the issue of residency for people working and essentially living on cruise ships and superyachts can be quite complex, it is important to discuss your unique situation with a tax agent who is experienced in residency issues.

Australia does not have an inheritance tax. When a person dies, the estate, or person who inherits the assets does not have to consider any special inheritance tax on the money or assets that are taking ownership of. While a beneficiary may be required to pay taxes from Superannuation death benefit payments, or capital gains on the sale of assets that have been inherited if those assets are sold, there is no specific tax levied on the value of inherited assets. 

However, there are many countries that do have inheritance taxes, including the United Kingdom.  

This means that when an Australian inherits money or assets from abroad, they may find themselves subject to an unfamiliar “inheritance tax”.

What is inheritance tax?

Inheritance taxes are special taxes that are levied on the assets that are received from the estate of a deceased person. As the beneficiary of a deceased estate you are required to pay taxes on the value of the inheritance that you are receiving.

In a similar vein, estate taxes are levied on the value that is paid out of a deceased’s estate. The estate is required to pay these taxes, rather than the beneficiary. This means that the beneficiary receives the net assets after the estate has paid any required.

In some countries these taxes are referred to as “death duty”.

The laws around inheritance taxes vary between tax jurisdictions. There may be different tax rates, different inclusions on what type of assets are taxed and different types of exemptions or limits.

Some countries like the United Kingdom levy inheritance taxes where assets are transferred to trusts and for this reason many British expats should seek inheritance tax advice before establishing a trust in Australia.

When would an Australian resident be required to pay Inheritance taxes?

As an Australian resident you are not subject to inheritance tax, regardless of where the inheritance is coming from. However the deceased estate may be subject to estate taxes prior to paying or transferring your inheritance to you.

In essence this means you, as an individual taxpayer, do not have to be concerned about being assessed for specific inheritance taxes.

What taxes does an Australian need to be aware of when inheriting assets from overseas?

The biggest difference is the added complications that inheriting from overseas may impose, including:

• Potential capital gains tax on exchange rate fluctuations when withdrawing foreign currency
• Estate taxes imposed on the estate that are paid prior to distributing your inheritance
• Foreign taxes imposed on continuing to hold onto any foreign assets or investments

Once you receive the inheritance the assets or money received are yours. This means that their ongoing use and benefit are assessed, where applicable, in your hands, just as any ordinary assets or finances that you earn or invest in yourself, would be. 

In June 2020 new legislation was passed that changes how directors are required to identify themselves. This change was the first step made in an effort to modernise business registrations. It means that all directors are now required to obtain a unique Director Identification Number (Director ID).

What is a Director ID?

A Director ID is a unique 15 digit number that all directors will soon be required to have. This identification number will help ensure that an individual can be correctly identified across all their roles as a director. The unique Director ID will stay with an individual regardless of name changes, location, or how many companies they become a director of.

Why is the Director ID being introduced

The Director ID is being introduced to mitigate the risk of fraudulent director nominations. It also increases the ability to trace relationships with directors and their companies. This is part of a broader plan to improve data integrity and security around company registrations and regulation.

What the Director ID means for you

If you are already a director it means that you will need to apply for a Director ID within the next year. If you are planning to become a director you will need to apply for a Director ID as part of your appointment as a director.

             New companies and new director appointments

Until 5 April 2022, any director appointed since 1 November 2021 has 28 days from the date of their appointment to verify their identity and apply for a Director ID.

From 5 April 2022 all individuals with new director appointments will need to apply for a Director ID prior to their appointment as a director. Anyone who is intending to become a director within the next 12 months is eligible to apply for a Director ID.

             Existing company directors

All existing directors (appointed prior to 1 November 2021) have until 30 November 2022 to identify themselves and apply for a Director ID.

In preparation for the application it is important to ensure that all existing company details relevant to your position as a director are up to date. If any personal details need to be corrected then Form 492 should be lodged to request corrections. This includes correcting errors in names, shortened forms of names, inaccurate dates or place of birth, or other information that may not have been submitted accurately with your initial nomination.

How do I apply for a Director ID?

Directors can only apply for a Director ID themselves. This is not something you can appoint an agent or representative to do on your behalf. You can make an application for your Director ID through one of the following methods:

1. Apply through the myGovID app (preferred method). Please note that myGovID is different to myGov.
2. Providing proof of identification documents over the phone.
3. Completing a paper application and mailing in the form.

To complete the digital application you will need to install the myGovID app on a smart device. Note that myGovID is a separate app to your personal myGov app that you use to manage your personal tax and other government related matters. You will then need two forms of identification, such as your driver’s license, Australian passport, birth certificate, visa, citizenship certificate, ImmiCard or Medicare card.

For more detailed information on how to set up your myGovID please see here:

https://www.mygovid.gov.au/set-up

If you do not have relevant Australian identification documents (for example, due to being a non-resident) or do not have an email address, then you will need to use the alternative forms of application.

The link to access the paper application form is here:

https://www.abrs.gov.au/director-identification-number/about-director-id

This link will also give you more information about the proof of identity documents that you are required to provide.

What happens if I don’t apply for a Director ID?

If you are required to have a Director ID and fail to apply for one within the required timeframe then you may be liable for penalties. Failing to apply for a Director ID when required can leave you exposed to both civil and criminal penalties.

Australian Business Registry Services

The requirement for all directors to obtain a Director ID is the first step in modernising and streamlining Australian business registry services. Phase 2 will commence in 2023 and will involve linking of Director IDs to their respective companies.

While the Federal Government’s Jobkeeper and Cash Flow Boost have wrapped up, the ongoing pandemic and resulting lockdowns continue. This means that businesses and individuals right across the country, particularly in the capital cities, continue to face income loss. As of August 11th 2021, additional economic assistance packages have been announced as a direct result of the most recent lockdowns and restrictions.

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

At present the government has not reinstated the JobKeeper initiative. Instead, they have provided a payment directly for individuals who have lost work hours.

             COVID-19 Disaster Payment

On 3rd June 2021, the Federal Government announced a COVID-19 disaster payment. This is now a tax-free, non-assessable, non-exempt income payment for the individual recipient. At the time this payment was made in response to the Victorian lockdown in May/June, however it was also made available to future Commonwealth declared hotspots.

This payment is aimed at individuals who have lost paid work hours due to the restrictions imposed by lockdowns. The support provided is based on the number of working hours lost:

• Over 20 hours = $750 a week payment
• 8-20 hours = $450 a week payment
• JobSeeker, Austudy, Age pension recipients who have lost at least a full day’s work in a week may also be eligible for a payment of $200 a week.

NEW SOUTH WALES

NSW has a number of measures available to provide economic support due to the current wave of lockdowns.

The NSW 2021 COVID-19 Business Grant and NSW 2021 JobSaver payments are available for NSW businesses (including non-profit organisations and sole traders) with a turnover between $75,000 and $50 million in the 2020 financial year, and have had under $10 million in wages.

             NSW COVID-19 Business Grant

Eligible businesses can apply for grants of between $7,500 and $15,000. The amount of the grant depends on the extent to which the business turnover declined during the first 3 weeks of the Greater Sydney lockdown (26 June to 17 July 2021) compared to:

• The same period in 2019; or
• The same period in 2020; or
• The 2 week period immediately before the Greater Sydney lockdown.

The amount of the grant will depend on the decline in turnover:

• 30% or more decline = $7,500 grant
• 50% or more decline = $10,500 grant
• 70% or more decline = $15,000 grant

These grants are likely going to be declared to be tax-free grants. Applications can be made until 13 September 2021.

             NSW 2021 JobSaver

The JobSaver cashflow boost is a cashflow boost for eligible businesses available from week 4 of the current NSW lockdown. It is to help businesses maintain their employee headcount. This payment is made in fortnightly amounts based on 40% of their NSW payroll payments, with a minimum of $1,500 a week and a maximum of $100,000 a week.

To receive the payment, the business must maintain their staff levels through the lockdown. Non-employing businesses (sole traders) may receive a payment of $1,000 a week.

             Micro Business Grants

For smaller businesses, with turnovers between $30,000 and $75,000 (in the 2020 financial year), who have experienced a decline of at least 30% of their income, but are not able to apply for the previous two grants, the Micro Business Grant is available.

Applications for this grant close on 18 October 2021.

             NSW Payroll Tax Concessions

Businesses with under $10 million in payroll for the 2021/2022 financial year, who have experienced a 30% decline in turnover will have their annual payroll tax liability reduced by 25%. 

Businesses will also have the option to defer their 2020/2021 annual payment as well as the July and August monthly payments until 7 October 2021. 

             NSW Land Tax Concessions

Up to 100% relief may be available to residential or commercial landlords who have provided rent reductions to eligible tenants. Note that the property owner cannot apply for this concession as well as the Residential Tenancy Support Payment.

             Residential Tenancy Support Payment

Residential landlords with eligible properties may be eligible for grant up to $3,000 if they provide rent reductions to their tenants. They will be eligible for either this grant, or up to 100% land tax concession.

             Short Term Eviction Moratorium and Other Tenant Safe Guards

An eviction moratorium is in place until 11 September 2021. Where a residential tenant has lost at least 25% of their income due to COVID-19 (along with other eligibility criteria), the landlord will not be able to evict the tenant prior to mediation.

             Targeted Industry Support

Other targeted industry support applies to some of the most hard hit industries (such as tourism and entertainment industries).

VICTORIA

The Victorian government has issued a range of grants to assist businesses impacted by the shutdowns.

             Business Costs Assistance Program Round Three (BCAP3)

Eligible businesses who received the Round Two payments (BCAP2) for business costs assistance were automatically paid this additional grant.

Businesses who missed the Business Costs Assistance Program Round Two may be able to apply for the “BCAP2 July Extension” grant instead.

             Small Business COVID Hardship Fund

Businesses who were not eligible for support under existing programs but experienced a turnover reduction by at least 70% (and have a payroll of under $10 million) may be able to access pay grants of up to $5,000. A second round of funding under this grant was announced on 6 August 2021. This grant enables Small Businesses to access grants of up to $8,000.

             A New Business Continuity Fund

This is an additional grant announced on 28th July 2021, that will be automatically applied to any business that was eligible for the BCAP2 or BCAP2 July Extension, where their business was impacted by capacity limits in the CBD.

             Specific Industry Funds

Licensed Hospitality Venues, Alpine Businesses, and Events organisers, have specific grants available for their Industry, due to recognition of the particular hardships that these industries have faced during lockdowns. These grants are between $5,000 and $25,000 for eligible businesses located in areas impacted by the lockdowns.

             Commercial Tenancy Relief for Victorian Businesses

This relief involves the reintroduction of the Commercial Tenancy Relief Scheme. Support is also being provided to landlords who provide rent relief. This relief is generally available where the business has a turnover below $50 million and their revenue has reduced by at least 30% due to coronavirus.

QUEENSLAND

Queensland also has a range of grants available, primarily for small to medium businesses. To be eligible, the business must have a turnover of at least $75,000, an annual payroll of under $10 million and a reduction in turnover of at least 30%.

             2021 COVID-19 Business Support Grants

Eligible small businesses within areas that were locked down may apply for a $5,000 business support grant. Larger businesses in hospitality and tourism have now been added to this grant, subject to meeting relevant criteria.

             Queensland Tourism and Hospitality Package

A range of measures specific to the tourism and hospitality industry includes:

• Deferral of payroll tax liabilities
• Waiving, refunding, or deferring certain fees and licensing costs
• A cleaning rebate to aid eligible businesses and nonprofit entities impacted as potential exposure sites

OTHER

State assistance has also been offered in South Australia, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory.

With lockdowns continuing to be announced, particularly in the Eastern States, it is likely that further extensions, top ups or additional grants will continue to be announced.

There is one fundamental principle that guides what income you are assessed on when you lodge your Australian tax return: 

Tax residents of Australia are taxed on their worldwide income, while non-tax residents of Australia are only taxed on Australian sourced income. 

If you live and work in Australia, it is likely that a majority of your income will have an Australian source. But what happens when you reside in Australia while working for a foreign based employer?

Tax Resident

For the most part, your residency is usually determined by the place where you live. If you are an Australian who permanently lives in Australia, then, even while working for a foreign based employer, you will remain an Australian tax resident.

Technology has made it possible for many Australians to continue to live in Australia while working for a foreign employer. The ongoing pandemic has quickly pushed even more taxpayers into situations where they can reside in one country while working for an employer who has no physical presence in the country where they live.

If you have found yourself back in Australia, but still working for a foreign employer, then there are a number of matters that require consideration.  

Double Tax Agreements

Since both the source country and the country of residence typically have jurisdiction to assess taxes, Double Tax Agreements (DTA) operate to ensure that you are not taxed twice on the same income. 

Typically, a double tax agreement will contain a clause providing the basis as to who has the taxing rights with regards to employment or independent contracting income. One country will typically enable the other country to exclusively tax the income if that person has lived in that country for more than 183 days in a twelve month period.

If there is no tax treaty, then the country from which the employer is located may subject the income to their tax system, whether through withholding taxes on each payment, or through the annual assessment system.

While agreements can vary between countries, they typically ensure that foreign tax paid on foreign sourced income by a tax resident of the other country to the agreement can be claimed as a tax credit in the taxpayer’s tax return. A DTA typically also limits the amount of taxation that the foreign source country can impose on certain types of income. 

How Foreign Tax Offset Limit the Total Tax Paid

The foreign income tax offset is designed to ensure that an Australian resident taxpayer avoids double taxation where they pay foreign tax on foreign income that is also taxable in Australia. The offset is based on the total foreign income tax paid, but is limited to the amount of the Australian income tax that would be payable on the income. Any excess foreign tax that remains is non-refundable.

Example where Australia has the Higher Tax Assessment:

Peter is an Australian who works remotely from Australia for a Hong Kong based company.

For the 2020 financial year Peter is paid AUD $150,000 from his Hong Kong employer. The Hong Kong tax he paid on this income is AUD $26,000. 

The paid Hong Kong tax can be applied as a foreign income tax offset in Peter’s tax Australian return.

Peter has other income to declare in his tax return, resulting in a tax liability of $67,500, assessed on the taxable income.

If he was required to pay the Australian tax on top of the Hong Kong tax then he would be paying a total of $93,500 in taxes between the two countries. However, he can apply the $26,000 already paid in Hong Kong as a credit against the $67,500 Australian assessment. This means he will only need to pay the additional difference of $41,500 to the ATO, bringing his net total tax paid to the Australian assessment of $67,500.

Example where the Foreign Country has the Higher Tax Assessment:

Julie is an Australian working remotely for a company based in Portugal . 

In the 2020 financial year she is paid the equivalent of AUD $50,000. She pays AUD $15,000 in Portuguese taxes for this income.

Julie has no other taxable income to include in her Australian tax return. This means she is only assessed for $8,797 in her Australian tax return. She can only apply the $15,000 in foreign tax paid as foreign tax credits up to the point where it reduces the Australian assessed tax on her foreign income to nil. She is not entitled to a refund for the excess foreign tax she has paid. This means that her total tax liability is the amount paid to the Portuguese tax authorities and she is not required to pay any tax in Australia.

Medicare Levy

Medicare levy is generally paid by Australian tax residents. Excess foreign tax credits can be used to offset the medicare levy and the medicare levy surcharge. 

The Tax Impact of Relying on Foreign Sourced Income

As you can see from the above examples, while a double tax agreement will limit the impact of being taxed from both the source country and the country of residence, you, as the taxpayer, are liable for the higher amount of tax that is assessed. 

Many countries tax their foreign residents at a flat tax rate, denying them any tax free or lower tax threshold concessions. The underlying assumption behind this method is that if you are a foreign resident then you are not earning your primary income from a foreign country. However, as indicated earlier, for some taxpayers this is not necessarily the case. 

If you are an Australian who lives in Australia but works permanently for an overseas based company, your primary, or even sole, source of income may be this foreign sourced income. If you’re one of the many taxpayers who came home for the pandemic but retained your overseas employment, then this is your potentially unenviable position. 

Given that Australia has one of the highest rates of income tax in the world, high income earners are more likely to find themselves subject to paying some additional tax on top of the foreign tax payments. This is particularly true if the foreign country caps their foreign resident tax at a lower rate than Australia’s higher tax margins. 

Things can get more complicated, and result in higher amounts of tax being paid, if you are compensated for your employment in benefits that are in addition to regular wages. 

The Impact of Tax Payable Assessments

One other thing to note is that where you are assessed on foreign income, the ATO may implement PAYG Instalment obligations. This means that you would be required to lodge and pay PAYG Instalments through Instalment Activity Statements over the year. This helps ensure that expected tax obligations are covered when it comes time to lodging the income tax return. 

Tax Consequences of Working for an Overseas Employer

In summary, if you are an Australian earning employment income from an overseas employer, then you may be subject to taxes in both the country of employment, and your country of residence. A DTA can help limit the potential for such income to be double taxed.  

Since Australia has one of the highest tax rates in the world, most individuals in this situation are likely to find that if they pay taxes in the country that employs them, they may need to pay additional taxes on lodgement of their Australian tax return. 

The actual overall impact of working for an overseas employer will depend on which country your employer is situated in and whether Australian has a DTA with the country where your employer is located.

It can understandably be confusing to determine the difference between being an Australian tax resident for tax purposes compared to visa residency.

If you’re an Australian citizen who was born and continues living in Australia, then it’s pretty straightforward. You are an Australian for both citizenship and tax purposes.

But what about when things aren’t so clear? Can you be an Australian citizen but not an Australian tax resident? Can you be an Australian tax resident without being an Australian citizen? And what about Visa status? How does this change things?

Citizenship and visa residency are pretty clear cut. You are either a citizen or you aren’t. You either have an Australian residency visa, or you don’t. Tax residency, whilst linked to some degree to having visa residency or citizenship, is not as straightforward.

Australian Citizenship

You are an Australian citizen when Australia is legally your home country. This could be because you were born in Australia, or because you were born to Australian parents, or because you applied for citizenship. As an Australian citizen, Australia is considered to be your default country for all purposes, including taxation. This is why an Australian citizen may, in certain situations, continue to be treated as a tax resident, despite living in another country.

However, what about for those citizens from another country, living in Australia?

Australian Visa Residence 

People who are citizens of other countries are only permitted to stay in Australia per the terms of their Visa. There are many different types of visas, ranging from short-term holiday visas, through to permanent residency visas.

The type of visa you hold will play a part in your circumstances when determining tax residency. For instance, individuals on short-term visas are less likely to be considered Australian tax residents, while individuals on long-term or permanent residency visas are more likely to be considered Australian tax residents.

Australian Tax Residency

Despite what your citizenship and visa status is, tax residency is a matter of fact and intention. There is no application form to be completed nor automatic rule to become a tax resident.

When considering whether you are an Australian tax resident the primary factor is whether you, the individual, is living in Australia (see the “resides test” below). Conversely, you may be a foreign resident for tax purposes if you live outside of Australia. Living in Australia is distinguished between having a holiday in Australia, or staying in Australia for an extended period, whether temporary or permanent.

To help distinguish “permanency”, an individual must typically be living in Australia for at least six months to be considered a tax resident. Conversely, Australian citizens who are living overseas are typically still considered to be Australian tax residents if they are living overseas for less than 2 years. Indeed an Australian citizen may be living overseas for up to 5 years and continue to be considered an Australian tax resident if there are sufficient ties remaining in Australia to demonstrate that the nature of their overseas stay is “temporary”.

In order to determine tax residency specific residency tests are considered.

Tests for Australian Residency

To determine whether an individual is a tax resident there are a number of tests that can be applied. Passing any one of these tests will determine residency status.

             Resides Test

The first test for residency is the ‘resides test’. If you are physically present in Australia, intending to live here on a permanent basis, and have all the usual attachments in Australia that one would expect of someone living here, then you are a tax resident.

Factors considered include whether your family lives in Australia with you, where your business and employment ties are, where you hold most of your assets and what your social and living arrangements are. If you pass this test then there is no need to consider further tests. 

It is possible to be found to be a resident of more than one country. In cases where you are found to be a dual resident, you may need to consider tie breaker rules in any relevant Double Tax Agreement. 

If you don’t pass the resides test then you may still be a tax resident if you satisfy one of the three statutory tests instead.

             Domicile Test

The domicile test states that you will be found to be an Australian tax resident unless you have a permanent home elsewhere. An Australian citizen will have Australia as their domicile by origin. This means that even if an Australian citizen is living or travelling overseas their default home will be Australia. 

In such situations residency only changes when there is an intention to permanently set up a new domicile overseas. (For this reason people holidaying overseas or living overseas on a short-term basis can continue to be Australian tax residents even if they don’t step foot in Australia for years). Individuals who were domiciled in Australia but who do not cut their connection with Australia, will continue to be Australian residents.

             183-Day Test

The ‘183 day test’ is the day count test. This test is typically to capture foreign residents coming to Australia, rather than applying to Australians moving overseas. Individuals who come to Australia from overseas for at least 183 days may find themselves being Australian tax residents. Note that being in Australia for 183 days of the year does not automatically make such an individual a tax resident. Non residents who come to Australia for more than 183 days but do not have any intention of taking up residence in Australia may, depending on their intent and actions, be considered visitors or holiday makers, and therefore not qualify as tax residents.

             The Commonwealth Superannuation Test

Australian Government employees in CSS or PSS schemes, who work in Australian posts overseas, will be considered Australian residents regardless of other factors. 

Examples of Tax Residency and Foreign Tax Residency

To understand the difference it might help to look at a few examples of different scenarios.

             An Australian Citizen who is a Tax Resident

Tom is an Australian citizen who was born in Australia. He has lived in Australia his whole life, and intends to continue living here. During the year he goes on a 6 month holiday, travelling around Europe. At the end of his 6 months he decides to take advantage of another opportunity and stays in Africa for 3 months. After this time, he returns home to Australia. 

Tom’s tax residency never changes. Despite travelling overseas for 9 months of the year, he continues to be an Australian resident for tax purposes. This is because Australia is always his home, and his time overseas is not in the nature of a permanent move.

             An Australian Citizen who is not a Tax Resident

Jill is an Australian citizen who was born in Australia. She has lived in Australia for her whole life. However, in 2019 Jill accepts an opportunity to take a job in England. The position is a permanent position and requires Jill to move to England on a permanent basis. After acquiring the necessary visa to work and live in England, she sells her home and uses the proceeds to make the move to England, where she buys a new home and settles down. Jill brings her son to England with her, and closes down her Australian bank accounts. She does not expect to return to Australia, other than for occasional holidays.

On the day that Jill departs Australia she becomes a foreign resident for tax purposes. The fact that she is an Australian citizen does not change this. This is because it is clear from her actions and intentions, closing off ties to Australia, and establishing a new home in England,  that she is moving to England on a permanent basis. 

             A Tax Resident Living in Australia on a Permanent Residency Visa

Bob is from the United States of America. While in Australia on a working holiday visa, where he travels around the country, his final stop is at a small country town that feels like home to him. He makes friends and is even offered a permanent job there. Bob’s visa is almost up, so he goes back to the United States as planned, then takes the necessary steps to return to Australia and apply for a permanent residency visa. Bob effectively cuts his ties with the US and intends to make this small country town his new home and moves into a room with one of his new mates.

On Bob’s initial time in Australia under his working holiday visa, he will be considered a non-resident, or a temporary resident, depending on his visa. Even though he started thinking about making a permanent move at this stage, he had yet to take any steps to show this intention. However, on his return, which was made with all the actions necessary to show that this was a permanent move to Australia, he then becomes an Australian tax resident. 

             A Foreign Tax Resident with an Australian Permanent Residency Visa

Jane is a British citizen who has been living in Australia on a permanent residency visa for the past ten years. She just received news that her parents were in a bad accident and both need permanent care. Jane decides to pack up and move back home to care for her parents. She sells off her assets, closes her Australian bank account, and returns home to live with her parents. She also finds a part time job overseas.

Even though Jane has a permanent residency visa in Australia, she is no longer living here on a permanent basis. This means she is now a foreign resident for tax purposes.

Permanent and Temporary Residents

Even if an individual is deemed to be a tax resident, the ATO further distinguishes between temporary residency and permanent residency. Temporary residency typically occurs when an individual is genuinely residing in Australia on a “permanent” basis, however, are only in Australia on a temporary Visa, as opposed to living in Australia on a permanent residency Visa or obtaining Australian citizenship.

Temporary residents are only taxed on their Australian-sourced income.

Tax Residency is based on your Permanent Residence

As you can see from the above examples, tax residency is based on where an individual is permanently residing. If you are in Australia on a holiday, or only for a short time (less than 6 months), then you would not be considered an Australian resident for tax purposes.

However, holding a permanent residency visa, does not necessarily mean you are a tax resident. If you actually live in another country on a permanent basis, having your social and economic ties in another country, then you will be a foreign resident for tax purposes. 

It is important to note that there must be a permanent home elsewhere. If an Australian resident decided to travel the world for several years, although they may think they have departed Australia permanently, as they do not have a permanent home elsewhere, this would not constitute a decision to permanently reside in another country. Australia would continue to be their home, even though they are absent from Australia for a prolonged period of time. 

Since determining tax residency can be quite complex, it is important to speak to a tax specialist to understand your situation.

There are many pathways that you can take when coming to live in Australia on a permanent basis. The “Distinguished Talent Visa”, subclass 858, is one of them. This Visa allows you to stay in Australia on a permanent basis, and permits you to work and study in Australia.

As an individual living in Australia on a “Distinguished Talent Visa”, you need to be aware of your tax obligations. Below we outline the most common questions clients on the “Distinguished Talent Visa” want to know.

Is a person living in Australia on the Distinguished Talent Visa an Australian tax resident?

An individual living in Australia on a Distinguished Talent Visa is most likely an Australian tax resident. 

This visa allows you to live in Australia on a permanent basis. If you choose to live in Australia on a permanent basis and take actions to make this move, then you would be considered to be an Australian tax resident. 

However, if you simply use the visa to stay in Australia on a short term basis while continuing to live in your usual country of residence, then you would remain a foreign resident for tax purposes. 

This means that the Visa itself is not evidence of tax residency, however it is a pathway that could allow you to become an Australian permanent resident, and accordingly, an Australian tax resident. You would still need to actually move to Australia and begin residing here.

If your intentions and living situation changes whilst in Australia, your tax residency status can also change. 

What are the tax implications of moving to Australia on a Distinguished Talent Visa?

Assuming you are coming to Australia on a permanent basis, then moving to Australia on a Distinguished Talent Visa will mean you become a temporary Australian tax resident. This will mean that in Australia you may: 

• be taxed on your worldwide income, including income that comes from your former home country
• need to obtain market valuations on any overseas assets you own in order to establish their cost base for capital gains purposes
• Be required to consider any double taxation issues with the country that you are departing from
• As a temporary resident you will not be subject to capital gains tax on property you hold overseas.

Since the Distinguished Talent Visa alone is not sufficient to confirm that you are becoming an Australian resident, it is important that you get your residency assessed and obtain adequate tax advice for your specific circumstances. 

Should I sell my assets prior to moving to Australia?

Whether or not you sell your property and investments prior to moving to Australia is a personal decision that you should make based on your investment and financial needs and goals. You should always take financial advice from a qualified financial advisor.

From a tax perspective, you will only need to declare capital gains from the sale of your overseas assets if you become a resident and are not also a Temporary Resident before you sell them. 

In this situation your assets are valued and taken to have been acquired at the time that you become a resident and are not still a Temporary Resident.

Assets that are subject to capital gains tax will be eligible for a 50% discount on the amount that is assessed, once they have been held for at least 12 months.

Getting adequate advice on the tax consequences of choosing when to sell your assets is something that should be done as soon as possible, so that you are able to make more informed decisions.

What happens with the taxes I am required to pay in my home country?

After moving to Australia on a permanent basis it is possible that you will still be required to pay income tax in your former country of residence. 

If there is a Double Tax Agreement (DTA) between Australia and your former country of residence, then the DTA will contain provisions that minimise the potential of being taxed twice on the same income. 

DTAs can minimise the amount of foreign tax that is paid on investment income such as interest. They also include tie breakers for situations where you are deemed to be a resident of both countries. 

Paying Tax in Australia

Whether you are a permanent resident, a temporary resident, or a non resident of Australia, you will be required to lodge an Australian tax return on an annual basis while earning income in Australia. 

Non residents are only required to include income that is sourced from Australia. 

Permanent residents are required to include income from worldwide sources.

Under the Australian tax system your employer withholds some tax from your pay, known as PAYGW (pay as you go withholding). The PAYGW is remitted to the ATO who then offset this against your assessed tax liability for the year. Any excess PAYGW is refunded at this time, or a notice of payment is issued where you owe additional tax.